There are 816 surface water withdrawal locations used by oil and gas operations in Pennsylvania.
Key Findings
State designated waters in Pennsylvania are protected from pollution, but not from oil and gas related water withdrawals, despite being critical habitat for rare, sensitive, and endangered species.
Small watersheds are at risk for ecological degradation due to the high volume of surface water withdrawn for fracking in Pennsylvania.
Overview
Clean water is equally as important for environmental health as it is for societal well-being. Nearly a third of the species tracked by the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program are at risk of Marcellus unconventional well development in PA, with 132 considered to be globally rare or critically endangered or imperiled in the state. These species are at risk due to the deforestation, pollution, and water withdrawal that occurs during fracking well development.
Withdrawal of water from any point in a body of water can alter the naturally occurring flow regime, which can impact various chemical, physical, and biological attributes of rivers. Furthermore, these changes can lead to declines in water quality, water supply, and the ecological integrity of river and stream ecosystems. Changes to the natural flow regime can have detrimental impacts on fish, including changes to physical habitat, habitat access, food supplies, behavior, community composition, energy expenditure, and population dynamics. Importantly, aquatic organisms with migratory behaviors may be disproportionately affected by flow alterations.
The flow of a stream is directly related to the drainage area and its ability to catch water during precipitation events. For that reason, smaller drainage areas are more susceptible to drought and withdrawals. These drainage areas can be considered through the Strahler’s Stream Order System. Under this numbering system, illustrated below, the headwater channels with no upstream boundaries are designated as first-order streams down to their first join. A second-order stream is formed when two first-order streams meet, a third-order stream is created when two second-order streams join, and so on. The Ohio River is the largest order in PA at a 9th order.
![Flussordnung (Strahler)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg/1024px-Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg.png)
Image: Kilom691, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
One study in 2013 found that one fifth of the fracking wells in PA pulled water from streams with drainage areas under 100 km2 (38.6 mi2). This study found that further protections are needed for 3rd order streams and smaller, and requested that more stringent water withdrawal practices were adopted. We were motivated by this study to look at fracking withdrawals within watersheds containing small streams and from protected waters.
In this study, “Small Watersheds” are defined as watersheds containing no higher than 4th order streams because these are most at risk of water withdrawal harming the ecosystem. By looking at watersheds containing small ordered streams, we eliminate instances where small drainage areas contain large streams or rivers within their watershed, which is a caveat of using spatial water data.
There are 1,451 watersheds at the watershed scale (HUC 12) across PA. Of these, half (715) contain protected waters, classified as High Quality (HQ) or Exceptional Value (EV). These are protected under PA Code Title 25 Chapter 93 Water Quality Standards because they represent the highest water quality in the state and are supposed to be pristine and free from pollution. These streams were tested and permitted as having reached these designations as part of the PA Clean Streams Law. These protections require stringent considerations for point source and non-point source pollution to prevent degradation of high quality habitat.
By limiting harmful practices, designations are supposed to preserve already suitable habitats for sensitive, migratory, and rare species, including cold-water fish species. Two thirds of all HUC 12 PA watersheds (972) were Small Watersheds, with a mean drainage area of 75.7 km2 (29.2 mi2). Almost half of these Small Watersheds (470) are home to designated HQ or EV waters.
Designated Streams and Fracking Activity
This interactive map looks at fracking wells and surface water withdrawal points in Pennsylvania, including interactive flowlines, withdrawal locations, and watersheds throughout the state.
View the map “Details” tab below in the top right corner to learn more and access the data, or click on the map to explore the dynamic version of this data. Data sources are also listed at the end of this article. In order to turn layers on and off in the map, use the Layers dropdown menu. This tool is only available in Full Screen view. Items will activate in this map dependent on the level of zoom in or out.
View Full Size Map | Updated 7/1/2023 | Map Tutorial
Fracking Impacts on Surface Water
Our study found that as of 2022, there are 8,653 hydraulic fracturing wells in PA in the FracFocus database. It’s important to note that there are far more wells depending on what datasource is used, and according to the PA DEP, there are 23,842 unconventional fracked wells. This discrepancy is likely due to the self-reporting nature of FracFocus, which results in dramatic under-estimates in studies that require disclosure information.
Across the state of Pennsylvania there are 816 surface water withdrawal locations used by oil and gas operations. However, we are limited in knowing the operator of the withdrawal point and cannot determine which fracked gas wells are specifically served by this water, and some of these withdrawal locations are shared by many operators. We found that of the watersheds that contain withdrawal locations, two fifths of the watersheds (110) contain Small Streams.
We were motivated to look at this because of the Barth-Naftilan et al., study that found one fifth of the fracking wells during 2013 pulled water from streams with drainage areas under 100 km2 (38.6 mi2). Our findings suggest that this Small Stream withdrawal behavior has doubled since 2013 and that water resources have not protected small streams from oil and gas related water use throughout the last decade. These small streams and their inhabitants cannot afford to have multi-million gallon, daily withdrawals altering their flow and need more protection.
Inadequate Protections for Designated Waters
State designated waters are protected from pollution, but not from oil and gas related water withdrawals, despite being critical habitat for rare, sensitive, and endangered species. Among all oil and gas surface withdrawal locations in PA (816), 24 EV or HQ streams have withdrawals. Migratory fish depend on 11 of these streams. Rare and sensitive species also likely rely on these streams, but this information is not readily available, and typically needs to be requested from a state agency or conservancy. Half of these designated streams facing withdrawals are 4th order or less, meaning they are especially susceptible to the dangers of withdrawals.
These waters reach their designation status because of their importance in the ecosystem.
Nine of the 24 designated streams containing withdrawal locations are also non-attaining, meaning they do not support the aquatic life or human use the waters should be capable of. These streams should be a priority in restoration efforts, and restoration should (but often does not) include restoring stream flow. These streams are listed in Table 1.
The Takeaway
There are 816 surface water withdrawal locations used by oil and gas operations in Pennsylvania. Of the watersheds that contain withdrawal locations, two fifths of the watersheds (110) contain Small Streams.
Our findings further suggest that withdrawals from Small Streams have doubled since 2013. As a result, small watersheds are at risk of appropriation from high quantity water withdrawals and need support on a larger, regional scale. Recommendations for this support may include:
- Historical flow monitoring requirements prior to fracking: Requiring historical flow monitoring, with a minimum of 5 years of flow monitoring data, would be one regulatory protection that could prevent quality degradation in streams. This would verify flow conditions for modeling purposes, and monitor their reactions to drought and dry periods, across varying seasons.
- Antidegradation requirements for withdrawals: Pennsylvania’s Antidegradation requirements state, “Existing instream water uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses shall be maintained and protected.” These protected discharges from polluting waters, but the level of water quality drops when the water level drops, so these regulations must be extended to water level and flow.
References & Where to Learn More
- Read more articles in this series:
- Watch the research presentation featuring Kat Wilson, FracTracker Environmental Health Fellow, on the impacts of fracking on surface water in Pennsylvania
Topics in This Article:
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New York State Oil & Gas Well Drilling: Patterns Over Time
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Byhalia-map-feature-2-1030x458.jpg)
Risky Byhalia Connection Pipeline Threatens Tennessee & Mississippi Health, Water Supply
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Falcon-Ohio-River-Crossing-Feature-A.LauschkeLightHawk-1030x458.jpg)
Shell's Falcon Pipeline Under Investigation for Serious Public Safety Threats
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Arvin-CA-well-sites-and-schools-feature-1030x458.jpg)
Kern County’s Drafted EIR Will Increase the Burden for Frontline Communities
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Waste-Disposal-Wells-in-Pennsylvania-feature-1030x458.jpg)
Pennsylvania's Waste Disposal Wells - A Tale of Two Datasets
![Los Angeles, California skyline](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Los-Angeles-skyline-feature-1030x458.jpg)
California Oil & Gas Setbacks Recommendations Memo
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Figure-2.-There-are-50-operational-oil-and-gas-wells-permitted-on-California-state-lands-in-the-Sacramento-River-Delta-feature-1030x458.jpg)
Oil and Gas Wells on California State Lands
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Control-your-dust-frac-sand-feature-1030x458.jpg)
Industrial Impacts in Michigan: A Photo Essay & Story Map
![CA Setbacks Map](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CASetbacksMappic-1030x422.jpg)
People and Production: Reducing Risk in California Extraction
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EQT-Tioga-Wide-7.gif)
Documenting emissions from new oil and gas wells in California
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TAuch_infrastructure-wellpad-sandtruck-ChesapeakeAppalachia-RainSulWellpad-SullivanCounty-PA_July2020-feature-1030x458.jpg)
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/FracTracker-in-the-Field-promotion5-1030x579.jpg)
FracTracker in the Field: Building a Live Virtual Map
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Loyalsock-feature-1030x458.jpg)
![Mapping gathering lines in OH and WV feature](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Mapping-gathering-lines-in-OH-and-WV-feature-1030x458.jpg)
Mapping Gathering Lines in Ohio and West Virginia
![Oil & Gas waste tank operated by SWEPI and Enervest at the Hayes pad, Otsego County, Michigan May 21st, 2016](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Oil-Gas-waste-tank-in-Michigan-feature-1030x295.jpg)
The North Dakota Shale Viewer Reimagined: Mapping the Water and Waste Impact
![FracTracker Falcon Pipeline spills map](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/FalconPipelineFrontPage-1030x295.jpg)
Falcon Pipeline Construction Releases over 250,000 Gallons of Drilling Fluid in Pennsylvania and Ohio
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/CalGEM-Drilling-and-Rework-Permits-2015-2020-feature-1030x458.jpg)
Systematic Racism in Kern County Oil and Gas Permitting Ordinance
![Bushkill Falls PA](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/waterfall-1806956_1920-1030x497.jpg)
Fracking Water Use in Pennsylvania Increases Dramatically
![North Brooklyn Pipeline demographics map](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/North-Brooklyn-Pipeline-demographics_1-1030x420.jpg)
New Yorkers mount resistance against North Brooklyn Pipeline
![Map of New 2020 Fracking Permits in California](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Map-of-New-2020-Fracking-Permits-in-California-1030x495.jpg)
California, Back in Frack
![California well pad](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/California-well-pad-1030x458.jpg)
California Setback Analyses Summary
![Compressor station within Loyalsock State Forest, PA.](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Compressor-station-within-Loyalsock-State-Forest-PA-1030x458.jpg)
Air Pollution from Pennsylvania Shale Gas Compressor Stations - REPORT
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/New-York-State-Oil-Gas-Well-Viewer-2020-1030x633.jpg)
New York State Oil & Gas Wells - 2020 Update
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/National-map-feature-3.png)
National Energy and Petrochemical Map
![California Governor Gavin Newsom looks at surface expression oil spills](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/California-Governor-Gavin-Newsom--1030x457.jpg)
Governor Newsom Must Do More to Address the Cause of Oil Spill Surface Expressions
![Governor Newsom Well Watch website for California drilling](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screen-Shot-2020-02-21-at-2.22.05-PM-1030x463.png)
Oil & Gas Well Permits Issued By Newsom Administration Rival Those Issued Under Gov. Jerry Brown
![destroyed home following pipeline explosion in San Bruno, CA](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/San-Bruno-Aftermath-feature-image.png)
Pipelines Continue to Catch Fire and Explode
![Overhead view of injection well](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Brookfield-1030x458.jpg)
The Hidden Inefficiencies and Environmental Costs of Fracking in Ohio
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PA-2019-Fracked-Gas-Production-Feature-1030x458.jpg)
Fracking in Pennsylvania: Not Worth It
![Captina Creek Watershed Feature](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Captina-Creek-Watershed-Feature-1030x457.jpg)
Fracking Threatens Ohio’s Captina Creek Watershed
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Newsom-Well-Watch-Feature-1030x458.jpg)
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Oil-and-gas-drilling-in-ND.-Photo-by-Nick-Lund-NPCA-2014-feature-1030x458.jpg)
How State Regulations Hold Us back and What Other Countries are doing about Fracking
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2018-NYS-Oil-and-Gas-Wells-feature-image-2-1030x458.jpg)
New Method for Locating Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells is Tested in New York State
![Ohio Secret Fracking Chemicals Report](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/OHSecretChem-797x1030.png)
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Abandoned-wells-PA-feature-1030x458.png)
Abandoned Wells in Pennsylvania: We're Not Doing Enough
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DSC_0624_LowRes-1030x674.jpg)
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Cracker-Plant-2-1030x469.jpg)
The Underlying Politics and Unconventional Well Fundamentals of an Appalachian Storage Hub
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/inglewood-field-ca-feature-1-1030x458.jpg)
Permitting New Oil and Gas Wells Under the Newsom Administration
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Beaver-Cracker-Plant-Feature-1030x458.jpg)
Mapping the Petrochemical Build-Out Along the Ohio River
![Urban Drilling in Los Angeles](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/SignalHill_DavidMcNew_GettyImages_edit.jpg)
Impact of a 2,500' Oil and Gas Well Setback in California
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Washington-County-Rig-2-1030x458.jpg)
Production and Location Trends in PA: A Moving Target
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PipelineConstructionFeature-1030x458.png)
The Falcon Public Monitoring Project
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/YouAreHereMap2-1030x458.png)
Release: The 2019 You Are Here map launches, showing New York's hurdles to climate leadership
![https://www.kvpr.org/post/dormant-risky-new-state-law-aims-prevent-problems-idle-oil-and-gas-wells](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/IdleWellsHathaway_resize.jpg)
Idle Wells are a Major Risk
![DOGGR](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/chevron-surface-expression_resize.jpg)
Literally Millions of Failing, Abandoned Wells
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KSOKNE-Injection-Wells-1030x458.png)
Wicked Witch of the Waste
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PipelineConstructionPA.png)
The Growing Web of Oil and Gas Pipelines
![destroyed home following pipeline explosion in San Bruno, CA](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/San-Bruno-Aftermath-feature-image.png)
Unnatural Disasters
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SWD_PA2-1030x458.png)
Getting Rid of All of that Waste - Increasing Use of Oil and Gas Injection Wells in Pennsylvania
![Bird's eye view of an injection well (oil and gas waste disposal)](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/InjectionWell-Sky-Feature.jpg)
A Disturbing Tale of Diminishing Returns in Ohio
![](https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/UncWellsPerYear_2005_2018-1030x682.png)
Pennsylvania Drilling Trends in 2018
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